1. It consists in assessing a situation in terms of preconceived fixed notions while ignoring or rejecting any contrary signs." the acute historian defined a leader‘s wooden–headedness as "acting according to wish while not allowing oneself to be deflected by the facts." She mentions Phillip II of Spain, "the surpassing wooden–head of all sovereigns," about whom it was said that "no experience of the failure of his policy could shake his belief in its essential excellence." Olmert‘s failure, or at least, "lack of success," in achieving the goals he himself set for Israel at the beginning of the war has not succeeded in shaking his belief that ultimately, there was nothing wrong with his policy.